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modal-larda kesinlik derecesi |
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Modals - Degrees of Certainty
will/might
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Expressing degrees of certainty
- will
- may
- might
- could
- it is possible that
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Polar bears will perish. (100% kesin)
They might not survive in the arctic. (< 50% kesinlik)
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Modals - Past & Future Predictions
will/would
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Referring to future events and activities
- will intent
- will expected or scheduled activities
- wouldn't refusal
- would have expectation lost
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Next month, I will get a raise in salary. (I am determined to do so.)
Next month, I will get a raise. (It's scheduled in my contract.)
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Modals - Would Expressions
would
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Staing preferences, past habits, and making requests or excuses
- would you rather have X or Y (preference)
- would you like (preference)
- would (used to)
- would you(request)
- would have(make an excuse)
- would rather have (past preference)
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Would you like some coffee?
Would you rather have tea or coffee?
On Sundays, we would visit our relatives
On Sundays, we used to visit our relatives
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Modals – Expectation
should
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Giving advice, expressing personal expectations and social conventions
- should (expectation)
- will (expectation)
- are supposed to (social convention)
- ought to (option or advice)
- should have (expectation not met)
- would have (excuse)
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The movie should be available next week.
The movie will be available next week. (expectation)
Should we wear black pants to work? (convention)
Are we supposed to wear black pants to work?(convention)
You should try ordering your movies online.(suggestion)
She ought not to talk on her cell phone when she's with you. (advice)
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Modals - Options & Advice
could/should
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Offering solutions and problem-solving
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You could try using a hammer. (option, another choice)
You should be careful. (advice)
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Modals – Degrees of Advisability
should/must
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Expressing advice and urgency
- advisability
- advice
- necessity
- not required
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Students should be honest about downloading copyrighted music.
They must not download copyrighted music.
They have to respect artists' rights to earn fair profits.
The Recording Industry doesn't have to price their CDs so high.
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Modals – Conclusions
musthave
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Making guesses and conclusions
- might
- might have
- must
- must have
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She's sad. She might miss her family or she might be disappointed.
Also, she is alone. She has nothing but a glass of absinthe (strong alcohol).
She must be depressed.
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Modals - Ability
can/could
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Indicating ability to do something
- physical ability
- mental ability
- potential
- manage to
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I can lift a car.
I can change a tire.
Driving drunk can cause a fatal accident.
I was able to pass my driving test. (single event)
I could drive very well. (ongoing)
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Modals - Permission
may/can
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Asking permission and making requests
- permission
- request
- invitation / suggestion
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You may leave early.
You can leave early.
May I see your arm? (I or we) (polite)
Shall we dance?
Let's dance
Would you like to dance ?
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Future Perfect
modal agr
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Using future modals in complex sentences – with other connectors
- so that
- which
- that
- because
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Apple said that it would introduce more functionality with the newer software.
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futureperfect
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Predicting completion in the future.
future perfect
Also see "by the time"
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By 5 o'clock, we will have finished our meeting.
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Review
modal rev
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Reviewing present and past differences in modal meanings
Do these modals mean the same in present and past tense?
- will – would – would have
- can – could – could have
- may – might – might have
- must – had to - must have
- and more
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I will cut the hedge.
I would have cut the hedge. |
I can drive there. (ability)
I could drive there. (permission / ability / potential)
Shall we go in there? (invitation)
Should we go in there? (warning)
You must eat this. (necessity)
You must have eaten this. (conclusion)
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modal prac
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Identifying modal meanings through context
- possibility
- expectation
- advice
- permission
- necessity
- conclusion
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He ____ be crazy to do that.
may might could can must
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modalquiz
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Auto-correcting modal self-quiz - multiple choice
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Finding an apartment in San Francisco ____ be very difficult.
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modalarticle
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Modal use – In context
- identifying modals in a paragraph
- identifying tense use
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It might put Napster out of business, and if you're a devoted Napster user, this is certainly sad news. But Metallica's actions could bring the controversy closer to home. The fact that Metallica was able to obtain the screen names of these users should concern those who post and download files on Napster.
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Related Pages
bythetime
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Predicting that something will be completed before another event or time
Located in Adverb Summary
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By the time I leave work, the sun will be setting. (ongoing)
By the time I leave work, the sun will have set. (completed)
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late-advice
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Hypothetical past: advice given after an accicdent; opportunities not taken
- If ...then
- past + participle
- could have, might have, should have
Located in Conditional Summary
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Passengers could have taken other smaller trans-Atlantic ships.
The captain could have chosen a more southern trans-atlantic route.
The owners should have supplied enough lifeboats for everyone .
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